摘要：“明清皇家陵寢依照風(fēng)水理論，精心選址，將數(shù)量眾多的建筑物巧妙地安置于地下。它是人類改變自然的產(chǎn)物，體現(xiàn)了傳統(tǒng)的建筑和裝飾思想，闡釋了封建中國持續(xù)五千余年的世界觀與權(quán)力觀。”以上是2000年明清皇家陵寢被列入世界遺產(chǎn)名錄時(shí)，世界遺產(chǎn)委員會(huì)對其...

“明清皇家陵寢依照風(fēng)水理論，精心選址，將數(shù)量眾多的建筑物巧妙地安置于地下。它是人類改變自然的產(chǎn)物，體現(xiàn)了傳統(tǒng)的建筑和裝飾思想，闡釋了封建中國持續(xù)五千余年的世界觀與權(quán)力觀?！币陨鲜?000年明清皇家陵寢被列入世界遺產(chǎn)名錄時(shí)，世界遺產(chǎn)委員會(huì)對其作出的評價(jià)。

明清兩朝是中國古代陵寢建設(shè)的輝煌期與高峰期。明代開國皇帝朱元璋對陵寢制度進(jìn)行了改革，將地面之上的封土堆改成圓形，并擴(kuò)大地面祭殿建筑建設(shè)。其死后入葬的孝陵成為明清皇家陵寢的鼻祖。清代承襲了明代的皇家陵寢制度，并在祭祀制度上加以完善，使之更趨合理。

清東陵位于河北唐山遵化市西北，前有金星山為屏，中有影壁山為案，后有昌瑞山為靠，東西有兩條大河似玉帶般蜿蜒環(huán)繞。陵園占地78平方公里，自1661年清代初期開始陸續(xù)建有15座陵園，其中皇帝陵5座、皇后陵4座、妃園寢5座、公主園寢1座，共埋葬161人。各陵園以孝陵為中軸線，依山勢呈扇形排列于昌瑞山南麓，主次分明、尊卑有序。各陵按”前朝后寢”規(guī)制營建了一系列建筑，均由碑樓、宮墻、隆恩殿、東西配殿、方城明樓及寶頂?shù)冉ㄖM成，使各建筑之間達(dá)到了近乎完美的空間組合。

孝陵是清朝開國皇帝、清世祖順治帝的陵寢，被譽(yù)為昌瑞山第一陵。孝陵建設(shè)時(shí)正值清朝入主中原初期，民生凋零、財(cái)力匱乏。但是孝陵的18對石像生分布在870米的神路之上，造型古樸威武，反映出滿清初期在馬背上打天下的雄渾氣魄。

景陵與裕陵分別是譜寫清代“康乾盛世”的兩位君主——康熙與乾隆的陵寢。他們建樹甚多，所以陵寢也建設(shè)得相對富麗堂皇。特別是裕陵地宮雕滿佛教圖案，顯示出太平盛事里佛教作為皇家宗教信仰的盛行。

定陵和定東陵則是清王朝由盛及衰的寫照。定陵的主人咸豐皇帝在位期間已面臨內(nèi)憂外患。而定東陵的主人之一慈禧則因兩度“垂簾聽政”而更為世人矚目。定東陵三座貼金大殿的豪華裝修舉世罕見，還有殿前"鳳上龍下 “的丹陛石雕更體現(xiàn)了她對權(quán)力的欲望與野心。

清東陵的建設(shè)跨越了兩個(gè)半世紀(jì)，幾乎與清王朝相始終，是一部用磚、木、瓦、石寫就的清王朝盛衰的歷史。清東陵在與周圍自然環(huán)境融合、與山川形勢結(jié)合上日趨完美，是中國陵墓?fàn)I建活動(dòng)高峰期的代表作。

【全文翻譯】

“The Ming and Qing imperial tombs are natural sites modified by human influence, carefully chosen according to the principles of geomancy (Fengshui) to house numerous buildings of traditional architectural design and decoration. They illustrate the continuity over five centuries of a world view and concept of power specific to feudal China.” This is the description made by the World Heritage Committee when the Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2000.

Ming and Qing dynasties were the heyday of imperial mausoleum construction in ancient China. The first emperor of Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, reformed the mausoleum traditions by changing the grave mound into circular shape and expanding the construction of overground funerary architecture. The Xiaoling Tomb, where Zhu Yuanzhang was buried after his death, became the originator of the imperial tombs of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Qing dynasty inherited the imperial mausoleum traditions of Ming dynasty, and improved the sacrifice system to be more reasonable.

Located at the northwest of Zunhua, Tangshan, Hebei Province, the Eastern Qing Tombs are screened by the Jinxing Mountain, fronted by the Yingbi Mountain and seated against the Changrui Mountain, with two rivers on east and west sides winding around. Covering an area of 78 square kilometers, the Eastern Qing Tombs consist of 15 mausoleums (5 for emperors, 4 for empresses, 5 for concubines and 1 for princess) which were built successively since 1661 at the early stage of Qing dynasty, and 161 people altogether were buried here. With Xiaoling Tomb as the axis, the 15 mausoleums are arranged fan-like on the south side of Changrui Mountain according to seniority and precedence in rank. In the style of “courts in front and dwellings in the back”, all mausoleums are made up of a set of architectures, including stele pavilion, palace walls, Long’en Hall, eastern and western side halls, square city, memorial tower, treasure peak, etc., forming a perfect spatial combination of all buildings.

Known as the first mausoleum in the Changrui Mountain, Xiaoling Tomb is the mausoleum for Shunzhi Emperor, the first emperor of Qing dynasty. It was built at the early stage of Qing dynasty’s entering the central plain, when the country was under the strike of war and in poverty. The 18 pairs of stone sculptures flanking the 870-meter Sacred Way appear simple but mighty, reflecting the powerful spirit of conquering the world on horseback at the early stage of Qing dynasty.

Jingling Tomb and Yuling Tomb are mausoleums for Kangxi Emperor and Qianlong Emperor, who built the “Kang-Qian Flourishing Age”. As they made more achievements during their reigns, their mausoleums are more gorgeous and magnificent in architectures, especially for the Undergound Palace of Yuling Tomb that is carved with Buddhism patterns, demonstrating the prevalence of Buddhism as royal religion in heyday of peace.

Dingling Tomb and Eastern Dingling Tomb witness the historical transformation of Qing dynasty from flourish to decline: the owner of Dingling Tomb, Xianfeng Emperor, faced domestic strife and foreign aggression during his reign. While one of the owners of Ding Dongling Tomb, Empress Dowager Cixi, was much more well-known for “attending to state affairs behind a curtain” twice. The luxurious decoration of three gold-glazed halls in Ding Dongling Tomb can be rarely seen in the world and the stone carving of “phoenix on top of dragon” design on the flight of steps in front of the hall demonstrates her desire and ambition for power.

The construction of Eastern Qing Tombs went through two and a half centuries, almost parallel to the history of Qing dynasty, writing a history of rise and fall with bricks, wood, tiles and stones. The Eastern Qing Tombs are representative works during the heyday of mausoleum construction in Chinese history by reason of their improving integration into the natural environment and topography.

loumey，路美，國內(nèi)文旅，清東陵